What is the name for chromosomes grouped in homologous pairs in order of decreasing size? karyotype What does the word "karyon", as used in "karyotype" and "eukaryote" mean? nucleus What does the word "karyon" literally mean in Greek? kernel What biological gender is a human whose karyotype has an X and a Y chromosome? male What biological gender is a human whose karyotype has a homologous pair of X chromosomes? female Which is the smallest human chromosome? Y What are chromosomes other than sex chromosomes called? autosomes What are the protective "caps" of DNA at the ends of chromosomes called? telomeres Do telomeres get bigger or smaller in successive generations of cells? smaller What is the general term for both sperm and ova? gametes When is the process of male and female gametes joining together called? fertilization What is the cell resulting from a sperm fertilizing an ovum called? zygote What is it called when sister chromatids fail to separate properly during cell division? nondisjunction What syndrome is caused by having two X chromosomes AND a Y chromosome? Kleinfelter's What syndrome is caused by having only a single X chromosome? Turner's What is the drawing of fluid from the uterus during pregnancy to check for fetal genetic abnormalities called? amniocentesis In what kind of testing is tissue from the placenta sampled during pregnancy to check for fetal genetic abnormalities? chorionic villus What genetic abnormality is frequently diagnosed via amniocentesis? Down syndrome What is it called when three copies of a homologous chromosome appear in a karyotype, rather than the usual two? trisomy What is another name for Down sydrome that refers to the abnormal number of chromosomes in a particular homologous group? trisomy 21 What is it called when a single copy of a chromosome appears in a karyotype, rather than the usual two? monosomy What liquid is released when a pregnant woman's "water breaks"? amniotic fluid What is a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein called? gene What is it called when a chromosome is missing a DNA sequence found in a typical chromosome of its homologous pair? deletion What is it called when a chromosome has an extra DNA sequence not found in a typical chromosome of its homologous pair? insertion What is it called when a chromosome has a DNA sequence that is turned end-for-end compared to a typical chromosome of its homologous pair? inversion What is it called when a chromosome has a DNA sequence that appears in a different place compared to a typical chromosome of its homologous pair? transposition What does the word "haploid" mean? single What does the word "diploid" mean? double What is the haploid number of chromosomes for humans? 23 What is the diploid number of chromosomes for humans? 46 What kind of human cells are haploid? gametes What kind of human cells are diploid? all but gametes